Tgfb1

Fig1. Elucidation of the EMT mechanism in fibrosis of asthmatic airway remodeling by Cl- channel.

What is TGF-β1 protein?

TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor-beta one) protein is a secreted ligand of the TGF-β superfamily of proteins encoded by TGF-β1 gene which is situated on the long arm of chromosome 19 at locus 19q.13. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate a latency-associated peptide (LAP) and a mature peptide, and is found in either a latent form composed of a mature peptide homodimer, a LAP homodimer, and a latent TGF-β binding protein, or in an active form consisting solely of the mature peptide homodimer. The mature peptide may also form heterodimers with other TGF-β family members. This encoded protein regulates cell proliferation, differentiation and growth, and can modulate expression and activation of other growth factors including interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha. This gene is frequently upregulated in tumor cells, and mutations in this gene result in Camurati-Engelmann disease.

What is the function of TGF-β1 protein?

Bioactive TGF-β1 is involved in several biological processes associated with tumor growth and progression, such as cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis, and possesses an immune response suppression activity, as well as in establishing a protumoral stroma, and finally promotes cancer cell metastasis. TGF-β1 acts as a tumor suppressor in normal epithelial cells in the early stage of carcinoma by inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis in premalignant epithelial cells. Within the tumor microenvironment, cancer cells may express and release TGF-β1, which influences the activities of immune cells. Also it Can induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell migration in various cell types. It acts as a potent stimulator of osteoblastic bone formation, causing chemotaxis, proliferation and differentiation in committed osteoblasts.

TGF-β protein Related Pathways

TGF-β Superfamily Signaling Pathway: The signaling pathway includes a great variety of different TGF-β/BMP superfamily ligands and receptors, several types of the R-SMADs, and functionally critical negative feedback loops. TGF-β signaling is involved in the regulation of proliferation, differentiation and survival/or apoptosis of many cells, including glioma cells. TGF-β acts via specific receptors activating multiple intracellular pathways resulting in phosphorylation of receptor-regulated Smad2/3 proteins that associate with the common mediator, Smad4. TGF-β may contribute to tumor pathogenesis by direct support of tumor growth, self-renewal of glioma initiating stem cells and inhibiting of anti-tumor immunity.

P38 MAPK Signaling Pathway: p38 MAP Kinase (MAPK) participates in a signaling cascade controlling cellular responses to cytokines and stress. TGF-β1 and GPCR stimulation indirectly activate p38. p38 MAPKs regulate downstream targets including several kinases, transcription factors and cytosolic proteins.

TGF-β1 Related Diseases

The gene causing Camurati-Engelmann disease (CED) has been assigned to the chromosomal region 19q13 where the TGF-β1 gene situates. The proteins encoded by the mutated TGF-β1 alleles were characterized by impaired secretion, function or stability of the TGF-β1-LAP complex which cause Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), immunodeficiency, and encephalopathy.

Biomedical Application of TGF-β1 Protein

Drug Target in Cancer Immunotherapies. Due to TGF-β1 generating a permissive and immunosuppressive the tumor microenvironment, it is an attractive target for cancer immunotherapies. For decades, a vast number of laboratories have dedicated their work to unveiling the leading cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the TGF-β1 roles in cancer.

Case Study 1: Sheng-Lan Tian, 2018

Fig1. Protein expression levels of TGF-β1, smad2, p-smad2, smad3, and p-smad3 were evaluated with Western blot assay.

Case Study 2: Wei Yang, 2018

Fig2. Expression of TGF-β1 gene in inflammatory MAC-T cells was analyzed by RT-qPCR.

Tgfb1 has several biochemical functions, for example, antigen binding,cytokine activity,enzyme binding. Some of the functions are cooperated with other proteins, some of the functions could acted by Tgfb1 itself. We selected most functions Tgfb1 had, and list some proteins which have the same functions with Tgfb1. You can find most of the proteins on our site.

Tgfb1 has direct interactions with proteins and molecules. Those interactions were detected by several methods such as yeast two hybrid, co-IP, pull-down and so on. We selected proteins and molecules interacted with Tgfb1 here. Most of them are supplied by our site. Hope this information will be useful for your research of Tgfb1.

TGFBR2;APP;MEOX2;80125;FSTL1;THBS1;ENG