F2

  • Official Full Name

    coagulation factor II (thrombin)
  • Overview

    Thrombin (activated Factor II [IIa]) is a coagulation protein that has many effects in the coagulation cascade. Thrombin is a serine protease (EC 3.4.21.5) that converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble strands of fibrin, as well as catalyzing many other coagulation-related reactions. Thrombin is in the form of alpha-thrombin tat is the immediate end product of prothrombin activation, two further thrombin products can be identified, beta- and gamma-thrombin. These are degraded form that may arise from autodigestion of a thrombin preparation.
  • Synonyms

    F2;coagulation factor II (thrombin);prothrombin;serine protease;prothrombin B-chain;PT;THPH1

Recombinant Proteins

  • Mouse
  • Human
  • Bovine
  • Pig
  • Cattle
  • Zebrafish
  • Rhesus macaque
  • Chicken
  • Rat
  • Porcine
  • HEK293
  • E.coli
  • Plasma
  • Mammalian cells
  • Bovine Plasma
  • Pig Blood
  • Cattle Blood
  • Mammalian Cell
  • Wheat Germ
  • Porcine Blood
  • Human Cell
  • Human Plasma
  • In Vitro Cell Free System
  • Human plasma
  • Rat plasma
  • Mouse Plasma
  • Yeast
  • Porcine
  • Procine Blood
  • rat plasma
  • HEK293T
  • Bovine Blood
  • His
  • Non
  • GST
  • His&GST
  • His&T7
  • Myc&DDK
  • His&Fc&Avi
  • His&SUMO
  • Flag
Cat.# Product name Source (Host) Species Tag Protein Length Price
F2-1186M Active Recombinant Mouse F2 protein(Met1-Gly618), His-tagged HEK293 Mouse His Met1-Gly618
F2-12619H Recombinant Human F2 Protein, His-tagged E.coli Human His Ala44~Arg198
Thrombin-31M Active Native Mouse Thrombin Plasma Mouse Non
F2-1103H Active Recombinant Human F2 Protein, His-tagged Mammalian cells Human His Met1-Glu622
F2-274B Active Native Bovine α-Thrombin Plasma Bovine Non
F2-275B Active Native Bovine α-Thrombin-DFP Plasma Bovine Non
F2-276B Active Native Bovine α-Thrombin-FPRck (FPR-CMK*) Plasma Bovine Non
F2-277B Active Native Bovine α-Thrombin-BFPRck (Biotin) Plasma Bovine Non
F2-90B Active Native Bovine Thrombin Bovine Plasma Bovine Non
Prothrombin-270B Active Native Bovine Prothrombin Plasma Bovine Non
Prothrombin-271B Active Native Bovine Prothrombin Frag 1 Plasma Bovine Non
Thrombin-20H Active Native Pig Thrombin Pig Blood Pig Non
Thrombin-21H Active Native Cattle Thrombin Cattle Blood Cattle Non
Thrombin-61M Active Native Mouse Thrombin Mouse Non
F2-12566Z Recombinant Zebrafish F2 Mammalian Cell Zebrafish His
F2-1531R Recombinant Rhesus monkey F2 Protein, His-tagged Mammalian Cell Rhesus macaque His
F2-170H Recombinant Human F2 E.coli Human Non
F2-305H Recombinant Human Coagulation Factor II (F2) protein, His-tagged HEK293 Human His 598
F2-3610H Recombinant Human F2 Protein, GST-tagged Wheat Germ Human GST
F2-6173C Recombinant Chicken F2 Mammalian Cell Chicken His
F2-698H Recombinant Human F2 protein, His & GST-tagged E.coli Human His&GST Ala44~Arg327
F2-699M Recombinant Mouse F2 protein, His & T7-tagged E.coli Mouse His&T7 Ala44~Lys324
F2-700R Recombinant Rat F2 protein, His-tagged E.coli Rat His Ala44~Arg323
F2-7769M Recombinant Mouse F2 protein, His-tagged E.coli Mouse His Thr325~Gly618
F2-7770R Recombinant Rat F2 protein, His-tagged E.coli Rat His Thr324~Arg617
Thrombin-24P Recombinant Porcine Thrombin Porcine Blood Pig Non
F2-2124MCL Recombinant Mouse F2 cell lysate Human Cell Mouse Non
F2-069H Recombinant Human F2 Protein, MYC/DDK-tagged, C13 and N15-labeled HEK293 Human Myc&DDK
F2-1356R Recombinant Rhesus Macaque F2 Protein, His (Fc)-Avi-tagged HEK293 Rhesus macaque His&Fc&Avi
F2-1356R-B Recombinant Rhesus Macaque F2 Protein Pre-coupled Magnetic Beads HEK293 Rhesus macaque
F2-1450R Recombinant Rat F2 Protein, His-tagged E.coli Rat His Ser201-Arg323
F2-180H Antithrombin Reference standard Human Non
F2-1882H Native Human Coagulation Factor II Human Plasma Human Non
F2-22H Human FEIBA Reference Standard(plasma derived) Reference standard Human Non
F2-2425H Recombinant Human F2 Protein (Ala44-Arg327), N-His tagged E.coli Human His Ala44-Arg327
F2-2877H Recombinant Human F2 protein, His-SUMO-tagged E.coli Human His&SUMO 44-622aa
F2-303R Native Rat Thrombin Rat Non
F2-366R Recombinant Rat F2 Protein, His-tagged HEK293 Rat His Met1-Arg617
F2-4095H Recombinant Human F2 Protein (Met1-Glu622), C-His tagged Mammalian cells Human His Met1-Glu622
F2-4495HF Recombinant Full Length Human F2 Protein, GST-tagged In Vitro Cell Free System Human GST Full L. 622 amino acids
F2-490HFL Active Recombinant Full Length Human F2 Protein, C-Flag-tagged Mammalian cells Human Flag Full L.
F2-5285H Native Human Coagulation Factor II (thrombin) Human plasma Human Non
F2-5286R Native Rat Coagulation Factor II Rat plasma Rat Non
F2-5287M Native Mouse Coagulation Factor II Mouse Plasma Mouse Non
F2-5399H Recombinant Human F2 protein, His-tagged Yeast Human His 44-622aa
F2-5401B Native Bovine Coagulation Factor II (thrombin) Bovine Plasma Bovine Non
F2-5402P Native Porcine Coagulation Factor II (thrombin) Porcine Pig Non
F2-647P Native Pig F2 Procine Blood Porcine Non
F2-73R Native Rat Prothrombin rat plasma Rat Non
F2-789H Recombinant Human F2 Protein HEK293 Human 622
F2-882H Recombinant Human F2 Protein, His (Fc)-Avi-tagged HEK293 Human His&Fc&Avi
F2-882H-B Recombinant Human F2 Protein Pre-coupled Magnetic Beads HEK293 Human
F2-907P Recombinant Pig F2 Protein, His-tagged E.coli Pig His Ala44-Arg315
F2-955H Recombinant Human F2 Protein, MYC/DDK-tagged HEK293 Human Myc&DDK
F2-995M Recombinant Mouse F2 Protein, MYC/DDK-tagged HEK293T Mouse Myc&DDK
Prothrombin-59H Native Human Prothrombin Frag 1 Human Non
Prothrombin-60H Native Human Prothrombin Frag 2 Human Non
Thrombin-23B Native Bovine Thrombin Bovine Blood Bovine Non
Thrombin-8H Human Thrombin Reference standard Human Non

    Background

    What is F2 protein?

    F2 gene (coagulation factor II, thrombin) is a protein coding gene which situated on the short arm of chromosome 11 at locus 11p11. This gene encodes the prothrombin protein (also known as coagulation factor II). This protein is proteolytically cleaved in multiple steps to form the activated serine protease thrombin. The activated thrombin enzyme plays an important role in thrombosis and hemostasis by converting fibrinogen to fibrin during blood clot formation, by stimulating platelet aggregation, and by activating additional coagulation factors. Thrombin also plays a role in cell proliferation, tissue repair, and angiogenesis as well as maintaining vascular integrity during development and postnatal life. Peptides derived from the C-terminus of this protein have antimicrobial activity against E. coli and P. aeruginosa. The F2 protein is consisted of 622 amino acids and F2 molecular weight is approximately 70.0 kDa.

    What is the function of F2 protein?

    The F2 protein is converted into an activated serine protease, thrombin, during blood coagulation. Thrombin promotes blood clotting by converting fibrinogen to fibrin, and stimulates platelet aggregation while activating other clotting factors such as factors V, VII, VIII, and XIII. Thrombin not only plays a role in blood clotting, but is also involved in cell proliferation, tissue repair and angiogenesis, maintaining the integrity of blood vessels in development and adulthood. F2 proteins are also involved in the regulation of a variety of biological processes, including protein phosphorylation, proteolysis, acute phase response, and cell surface receptor signaling. The C-terminal derived peptide of F2 protein has antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

    F2-7.jpg

    Fig1. The role of thrombin in hemostasis. (Claude Negrier, 2019)

    F2 Related Signaling Pathway

    The F2 protein is converted into activated thrombin during blood clotting, which is done through a complex series of enzymatic reactions involving multiple clotting factors, ultimately forming a stable clot and preventing excessive bleeding. The F2 protein is associated with the NRF2 (nuclear factor E2 related factor 2) signaling pathway, which plays a central role in the cellular antioxidant response and protects cells from oxidative damage by regulating the expression of multiple antioxidant genes. F2R is a receptor for thrombin and is involved in a variety of biological processes, including cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Studies have shown that the expression level of F2R is related to the prognosis and clinicopathological features of gastric cancer, and its high expression level may be related to the aggressive behavior of the tumor. F2 protein is involved in the process of inflammatory response, regulating the release of inflammatory mediators by activating cell signaling.

    F2 Related Diseases

    Abnormal expression or dysfunction of the F2 protein, prothrombin, has been linked to a variety of diseases, especially those associated with the process of blood clotting and hemostasis, such as thrombosis and bleeding disorders. In addition, F2 protein's role in inflammation, cell proliferation, tissue repair, and tumor development makes it closely related to the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and many cancers (such as stomach cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, etc.). The signaling pathway of F2 protein is also involved in the regulation of immune cell function and tumor microenvironment, which may in turn influence response to cancer therapy and prognosis.

    Bioapplications of F2

    F2 protein (prothrombin) has a wide range of applications in medicine and biology, including as a key enzyme in the blood coagulation cascade for the study and treatment of diseases involving blood coagulation and hemostasis; As a biomarker for predicting disease risk and evaluating treatment effects, particularly in the diagnosis of thrombotic diseases and certain cancers; In drug development, inhibitors of F2 protein or its receptor (F2R) may become potential drugs for the treatment of related diseases; And the ability to use F2 protein to promote cell proliferation and tissue repair in tissue engineering and wound healing research.

    Case Study

    Case Study 1: Rebecca A Risman, 2024

    Clotting factors, such as thrombin and tissue factor, or blood plasma proteins, such as fibrinogen, play critical roles in fibrin network polymerization. The concentrations and combinations of these proteins affect the structure and stability of clots, which can lead to downstream complications. The present work includes clots made from plasma and purified fibrinogen and shows how varying fibrinogen and activation factor concentrations affect the fibrin properties under both conditions. Researchers used a combination of scanning electron microscopy, confocal microscopy, and turbidimetry to analyze clot/fiber structure and polymerization. They quantified the structural and polymerization features and found similar trends with increasing/decreasing fibrinogen and thrombin concentrations for both purified fibrinogen and plasma clots.

    F2-1.jpg

    Fig1. Fiber lengths obtained from confocal images.

    F2-2.jpg

    Fig2. SEM images on clots made with varying thrombin concentrations.

    Case Study 2: Bing Zhao, 2020

    Tumor cells transform into endothelial cells by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, which is characterized by vasculogenic mimicry (VM). However, very little is currently known about the molecular determinants that enable VM. Nevertheless, the association between thrombin and VM formation remains largely unknown. Researchers found that VM was associated with the overall survival of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, and that thrombin expression was closely related to VM formation. This research revealed that thrombin induced VM formation via PAR-1-mediated NF-κB signaling cascades. The novel thrombin inhibitors r-hirudin and DTIP inhibited VM formation and spontaneous metastases in subcutaneous tumors. Clinical pathological analysis confirmed that NSCLC patients with thrombin-positive/PAR-1-high expression had the poorest prognosis and were the most likely to form VM.

    F2-3.jpg

    Fig3. The association of thrombin expression with tumor size in NSCLC samples.

    F2-4.jpg

    Fig4. The effect of thrombin, r-hirudin and DTIP on the expression of snail and other EMT markers.

    Quality Guarantee

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    SDS-PAGE (F2-698H).jpg

    Fig1. SDS-PAGE (F2-698H)

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    SDS-PAGE (F2-3610H).jpg

    Fig2. SDS-PAGE (F2-3610H)

    Involved Pathway

    F2 involved in several pathways and played different roles in them. We selected most pathways F2 participated on our site, such as Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction,Complement and coagulation cascades,Regulation of actin cytoskeleton, which may be useful for your reference. Also, other proteins which involved in the same pathway with F2 were listed below. Creative BioMart supplied nearly all the proteins listed, you can search them on our site.

    Pathway Name Pathway Related Protein
    Complement and coagulation cascades C8G,C5,C1R,BDKRB1,F2R,LOC100514666,C2,BDKRB2,CFB,C6
    Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction NPFFR2.1,GRID2,GABRP,PRLRA,TAAR12I,CHRND,GHRHRL,OPRL1,NPY4R,TAAR1B
    Regulation of Actin Cytoskeleton GNA13A,PIP4K2A,FGD1,EZR,ITGA3B,PDGFAB,PIK3R3B,ARHGEF6,GIT1,CDC42

    Protein Function

    F2 has several biochemical functions, for example, calcium ion binding,growth factor activity,protein binding. Some of the functions are cooperated with other proteins, some of the functions could acted by F2 itself. We selected most functions F2 had, and list some proteins which have the same functions with F2. You can find most of the proteins on our site.

    Function Related Protein
    protein binding FAM69A,ZNF599,cgr2b,PLP1,TREML2,PA2G4,DYNC1I2,CACNA2D1A,PKM,ACO1
    calcium ion binding CDHR1,RCVRN,MMP13A,SLIT2,MMP13,PCDH18B,PCDH1G29,PCDH2AB5,ARSA,LDLR
    growth factor activity PGF,VEGFAA,FGF24,BMP4,NTF3,DKK1,LIF,BMP1,MACC1,TGFA
    receptor binding HLA-B,CNPY3,GRP,AGXT,CLCF1,DECR2,GSTM2,SCYL2,MBL2,DHRS4
    thrombospondin receptor activity CD47,SDC4
    serine-type endopeptidase activity LOC780933,TPSAB1,CTSC,KLK8,F10,PRSS41,PCSK7,KEX2,TMPRSS11E,F12

    Interacting Protein

    F2 has direct interactions with proteins and molecules. Those interactions were detected by several methods such as yeast two hybrid, co-IP, pull-down and so on. We selected proteins and molecules interacted with F2 here. Most of them are supplied by our site. Hope this information will be useful for your research of F2.

    q846v4_staau;anti-thrombin_mus_pe;C1QBP;THBD

    Resources

    References

    • Zhou, FF; Sun, RL; et al. Myostatin Gene Mutated Mice Induced with Tale Nucleases. ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 26:169-179(2015).
    • Roslaniec, L; Jurkov, AS; et al. Design of Single-Switch Inverters for Variable Resistance/Load Modulation Operation. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS 30:3200-3214(2015).

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