TG

What is TG Protein?

Thyroglobulin, or TG protein, is a key player in thyroid hormone production. This large glycoprotein is made in the thyroid gland and is crucial for creating thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), hormones that control metabolism, growth, and development. In the thyroid, TG binds with iodine and undergoes enzymatic changes to produce these hormones, which are then released into the bloodstream. Problems with TG production or function can lead to thyroid disorders, affecting metabolism and energy levels. Understanding TG's role is essential for diagnosing and treating thyroid-related conditions.

What is the Function of TG Protein?

Thyroglobulin (TG protein) is essential for synthesizing thyroid hormones. Produced by the thyroid gland, TG acts as a framework for the generation of crucial hormones like thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones play an important role in controlling the body's metabolism, energy production, and growth. Within the thyroid gland, TG binds iodine and undergoes chemical processes to form T4 and T3, which are then released into the bloodstream to maintain metabolic balance. Disruptions in TG's function can lead to thyroid disorders, affecting the body’s metabolic rate and overall energy levels. Understanding how TG works is key to managing thyroid health and related conditions.

TG Related Signaling Pathway

Thyroglobulin (TG) plays a crucial role in the signaling pathways that govern thyroid hormone production and metabolic regulation. Produced in the thyroid gland, TG is involved in iodination and coupling reactions that lead to the creation of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones are then released into the blood, where they influence functions like metabolic rate, heart health, digestion, and brain development by interacting with receptors in various tissues. The production of TG and these hormones is regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland to match the body's needs. Disruptions in these pathways can lead to thyroid disorders and metabolic imbalances. Understanding these pathways is vital for diagnosing and managing thyroid-related health issues, ensuring efficient metabolism.

TG Related Diseases

TG, or triglycerides, are a type of fat found in your blood, and they play a pretty significant role when it comes to your health. When you eat, your body converts any calories it doesn't need to use right away into triglycerides, which are stored in your fat cells. Later, hormones release these triglycerides for energy between meals. Now, if you regularly eat more calories than you burn, especially from high-carbohydrate foods, you may have high triglycerides, or hypertriglyceridemia. This condition can lead to a hardening of the arteries or thickening of the artery walls, which is called arteriosclerosis. This can increase the risk of stroke, heart attack, and heart disease. It's also linked to pancreatitis, which is an inflammation of the pancreas. High triglycerides often go hand in hand with other conditions, like obesity, poorly controlled diabetes, an underactive thyroid (or hypothyroidism), and liver or kidney disease. Certain genetic disorders can also cause high triglycerides. Managing triglyceride levels often involves lifestyle changes like diet and exercise, and sometimes medication.

Bioapplications of TG

Triglycerides, often just called TG, are not just about the fats sitting around in your body; they have some pretty interesting applications in the biotech and medical fields too. One cool use is in drug delivery systems. Scientists use triglycerides to create tiny particles that can carry drugs directly to specific parts of the body, kind of like a targeted missile. This makes the drugs more effective and can reduce side effects—definitely a win-win. Additionally, TGs are explored in the creation of biofuels, which means they could help us move towards more sustainable energy sources. The biotech world is also looking into how TGs can be used in tissue engineering to help grow new tissues for medical treatments. So, those fats we often think of as just 'extra baggage' actually hold a lot of potential for some cutting-edge science and technology!

Case Study 1: Wright MT. et al. Mol Syst Biol. 2024

Protein interactions are key to cell functions and diseases. Researchers developed time-resolved interactome profiling (TRIP) to study these interactions over time. Using TRIP, they examined abnormal interactions in congenital hypothyroidism, focusing on thyroglobulin and pathways like protein folding. They discovered that blocking VCP and TEX264 can help correct mutant prohormone issues, shedding light on potential treatments.

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  Fig1. The top shows a fluorescence image of TAMRA-labeled Tg and total Tg.
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  Fig2. Plots showing the scaled enrichment of select Tg interactors HSPA5.

Case Study 2: Wright MT. et al. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2021

Thyroglobulin (Tg) acts as a precursor for thyroid hormones, but mutations can disrupt its secretion, causing hypothyroidism. Its processing involves a network of protein interactions, though the full pathway and mutation effects remain unclear. Using mass spectrometry, researchers identified differences between normal and mutated Tg, noting heightened reliance on chaperones and degradation processes in mutants. Some mutations also alter N-glycosylation. Adjusting these pathways could help restore Tg secretion and thyroid hormone production, suggesting a potential treatment approach.

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  Fig3. Interaction changes of Tg mutants compared with WT for cytosolic proteins involved in proteasome-mediated protein degradation.
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  Fig4. Comparison of A2234D Tg degradation in parental, STT3A, or STT3B KO HEK293T cells.

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  Fig1. siRNA screening workflow utilizing NLuc-tagged Tg to monitor lysate and media abundance. (Madison T Wright, 2024)
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  Fig2. Schematic detailing newly identified Tg interactors (red) compared with previously publishes interactors (gray). (Madison T Wright, 2021)

TG has several biochemical functions, for example, anion binding,chaperone binding,hormone activity. Some of the functions are cooperated with other proteins, some of the functions could acted by TG itself. We selected most functions TG had, and list some proteins which have the same functions with TG. You can find most of the proteins on our site.

Function	Related Protein
protein homodimerization activity	FIGF,SLC16A1,TFAP2E,TPD52,EXT1,PDK2,ABCB9,GGCT,TRPM8,NDP
hormone activity	TTR,UCN3,SMTLA,NPPB,INSL5B,GAST,GPHA2,NPPC,GPHB5,INHBA
chaperone binding	DNAJB6,GRPEL1,AMFR,RNF207,CDC37L1,TBCD,SLC25A17,DNAJB2,TIMM44,H2-KE2
protein complex binding	C8B,LZTFL1,EP300,Cel,FADD,ATG101,PTPRF,CALCA,C8A,STRN4

TG has direct interactions with proteins and molecules. Those interactions were detected by several methods such as yeast two hybrid, co-IP, pull-down and so on. We selected proteins and molecules interacted with TG here. Most of them are supplied by our site. Hope this information will be useful for your research of TG.

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