GPI
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Official Full Name
glucose-6-phosphate isomerase -
Overview
This gene encodes a member of the glucose phosphate isomerase protein family. The encoded protein has been identified as a moonlighting protein based on its ability to perform mechanistically distinct functions. In the cytoplasm, the gene product functions as a glycolytic enzyme (glucose-6-phosphate isomerase) that interconverts glucose-6-phophsate and fructose-6-phosphate. Extracellularly, the encoded protein (also referred to as neuroleukin) functions as a neurotrophic factor that promotes survival of skeletal motor neurons and sensory neurons, and as a lymphokine that induces immunoglobulin secretion. The encoded protein is also referred to as autocrine motility factor based on an additional function as a tumor-secreted cytokine and angiogenic factor. Defects in this gene are the cause of nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia and a severe enzyme deficiency can be associated with hydrops fetalis, immediate neonatal death and neurological impairment. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014] -
Synonyms
GPI;glucose-6-phosphate isomerase;AMF;NLK;PGI;PHI;GNPI;SA36;SA-36;neuroleukin;oxoisomerase;sperm antigen 36;sperm antigen-36;phosphohexomutase;phosphosaccharomutase;phosphohexose isomerase;phosphoglucose isomerase;autocrine motility factor;hexosephosphate isomerase;glucose phosphate isomerase;hexose monophosphate isomerase
Recombinant Proteins
- Human
- Chicken
- Rat
- Mouse
- E.coli
- Mammalian Cell
- HEK293
- E. coli
- Yeast
- Wheat Germ
- In Vitro Cell Free System
- Mammalian cells
- His
- His&T7
- Non
- His&Fc&Avi
- His&B2M
- GST
- Flag
- N-His&C-Myc
Background
Fig1. Overview model of central carbon metabolism and PG precursor synthesis. (Megan Keller, 2023)
What is GPI protein?
GPI (glucose-6-phosphate isomerase) gene is a protein coding gene which situated on the long arm of chromosome 19 at locus 19q13. This gene belongs to the GPI family whose members encode multifunctional phosphoglucose isomerase proteins involved in energy pathways. The protein encoded by this gene is a dimeric enzyme that catalyzes the reversible isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate. The GPI protein is consisted of 558 amino acids and its molecular mass is approximately 63.1 kDa.
What is the function of GPI protein?
In the cytoplasm, GPI protein functions as a glycolytic enzyme (glucose-6-phosphate isomerase) that interconverts glucose-6-phophsate and fructose-6-phosphate. Extracellularly, it functions as a neurotrophic factor that promotes survival of skeletal motor neurons and sensory neurons, and as a lymphokine that induces immunoglobulin secretion. It is also referred to as autocrine motility factor based on an additional function as a tumor-secreted cytokine and angiogenic factor.
GPI Related Signaling Pathway
At present, there are no reports on the clear signaling pathway of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase. However, based on the function of this enzyme, some signaling pathways that may be associated with it can be speculated.
1. Glucose metabolism pathway: GPI catalyzes the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate; 2. Hexokinase reaction: In the process of glucose metabolism, fructose-6-phosphate, the product of GPI, may be further catalyzed by hexokinase to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. 3. Fibrosis-related pathways: Fibrosis-related signaling pathways such as TGF-β/Smad and NF-κB may be related to GPI.
GPI Related Diseases
Defects in this gene are the cause of nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia and a severe enzyme deficiency can be associated with hydrops fetalis, immediate neonatal death and hereditary erythrocytic enzyme disease. In addition, GPI is an indicator to assist in diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
Bioapplications of GPI
The detection of GPI has important clinical value for the diagnosis of some diseases. For example, in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), GPI tests show high sensitivity and specificity. In addition, the level of GPI correlates with disease activity and decreases after infliximab treatment. In the field of biotechnology, GPI can be used as a catalyst for the production of biofuels and bioplastics.
Case Study
Case Study 1: Christine U Vohwinkel, 2011
Fig1. Stable cell lines with GPI knockdown were generated (A549 cells), and cell death as LDH release was determined after exposure to high pCO2 in glucose medium for 3 days.
Case Study 2: Deepthi Uppalapati, 2011
Fig2. Detection of SULF-1, ADRP, and GPI in the culture medium by Western blot analysis.
Quality Guarantee
High Purity
Fig1. SDS-PAGE (GPI-009H) (PROTOCOL for western blot)
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Fig2. SDS-PAGE (GPI-2343H) (PROTOCOL for western blot)
Involved Pathway
GPI involved in several pathways and played different roles in them. We selected most pathways GPI participated on our site, such as Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis,Pentose phosphate pathway,Starch and sucrose metabolism, which may be useful for your reference. Also, other proteins which involved in the same pathway with GPI were listed below. Creative BioMart supplied nearly all the proteins listed, you can search them on our site.
| Pathway Name | Pathway Related Protein |
|---|---|
| Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism | GALE,FPGT,HKDC1,GNPDA1,TSTA3,GFPT1,GMDS,GPIB,GPI1,CHIA |
| Pentose phosphate pathway | TKTB,FBP1A,PFKM,ALDOCB,FBP2,H6PD,deoC,ALDOAA,TKT,PGM1 |
| Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis | DLAT,GAPDH,ALDH9A1B,PFKMA,PGAM1B,PFKM,LDHB,ENO3,PKM2,ACSS2L |
| Carbon metabolism | PGK1,PFKL,SDHA,GAPDH,MUT,DLST,SUCLG1,DLD,ADH5,GOT2A |
| Starch and sucrose metabolism | ENPP1,PYGB,AMY2B,GAA,GANC,UGP2A,GYS1,UGT1A4,ENPP3,UGT2B7 |
| Metabolic pathways | FBP1B,SUCLG2,GLUL,PIP5K1BB,PPT1,CHKA,GALNT18,POLR2F,IPMKB,AKR1B1L |
Fig2. The schematic diagram of α-farnesene biosynthetic pathways with NADPH and ATP regeneration pathway in Pichia pastoris. (Sheng-Ling Chen, 2023)
Protein Function
GPI has several biochemical functions, for example, cytokine activity,glucose-6-phosphate isomerase activity,growth factor activity. Some of the functions are cooperated with other proteins, some of the functions could acted by GPI itself. We selected most functions GPI had, and list some proteins which have the same functions with GPI. You can find most of the proteins on our site.
| Function | Related Protein |
|---|---|
| intramolecular transferase activity | GPI1,GPR19 |
| cytokine activity | LIF,OSTN,C1QTNF4,IFNB,IFN-a,IFNG,TGFB1,IFNA1,TNFSF10,GDF6B |
| monosaccharide binding | RPIA,PGLS,GPR19,FBP1,TALDO1,GPI1,UPK1A,Siglece |
| glucose-6-phosphate isomerase activity | GPI1,GPR19,GPIB,GPIA |
| ubiquitin protein ligase binding | GPR19,TRIM37,ARRB1,RANGAP1,FAF1,WFS1,MAGEA2B,CUL4B,CUL5A,CASC3 |
| growth factor activity | CSF2,FGF10A,FGF14,FGF3,IGF2B,FGF8,IGF2A,MSTNB,GH1,HGF |
Interacting Protein
GPI has direct interactions with proteins and molecules. Those interactions were detected by several methods such as yeast two hybrid, co-IP, pull-down and so on. We selected proteins and molecules interacted with GPI here. Most of them are supplied by our site. Hope this information will be useful for your research of GPI.
Bles03;Csnk1e;ere_dna;GABARAPL2;MAP1LC3B
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References
- Salem, D; Subang, R; et al. beta(2)-Glycoprotein I-specific T Cells Are Associated with Epitope Spread to Lupus-related Autoantibodies. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 590:5543-5554(2015).
- Beigneux, AP; Fong, LG; et al. GPIHBP1 Missense Mutations Often Cause Multimerization of GPIHBP1 and Thereby Prevent Lipoprotein Lipase Binding. CIRCULATION RESEARCH 116:624-U152(2015).
