TGM2
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Official Full Name
transglutaminase 2 -
Overview
Transglutaminases are enzymes that catalyze the crosslinking of proteins by epsilon-gamma glutamyl lysine isopeptide bonds. While the primary structure of transglutaminases is not conserved, they all have the same amino acid sequence at their active sites and their activity is calcium-dependent. The protein encoded by this gene acts as a monomer, is induced by retinoic acid, and appears to be involved in apoptosis. Finally, the encoded protein is the autoantigen implicated in celiac disease. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] -
Synonyms
TGM2;transglutaminase 2;TG2;TGC;GNAH;HEL-S-45;G-ALPHA-h;protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 2;TG(C);TGase C;TGase H;TGase-2;TGase-H;transglutaminase C;transglutaminase H;transglutaminase-2;tissue transglutaminase;epididymis secretory protein Li 45;protein-glutamine-gamma-glutamyltransferase;C polypeptide, protein-glutamine-gamma-glutamyltransferase
Recombinant Proteins
- Human
- Mouse
- Chicken
- Rat
- Insect Cells
- E.coli
- Mammalian Cell
- EBNA 293 Cell
- Insect cells
- Insect Cell
- HEK293T
- HEK293
- Mammalian cells
- His
- StrepII
- Non
- Myc&DDK
- His&SUMO
- His&Fc&Avi
Background
What is tgm2 protein?
TGM2 protein, also known as transglutaminase 2, is an enzyme that is found in various tissues throughout the body. It belongs to the transglutaminase family of proteins and is involved in a process known as protein cross-linking.
Protein cross-linking refers to the formation of covalent bonds between proteins, resulting in the stabilization and strengthening of protein structures. TGM2 catalyzes the formation of these bonds by transferring an amine group from a protein-bound glutamine residue to a protein-bound lysine residue, resulting in the creation of an isopeptide bond.
TGM2 has been implicated in several biological processes, including wound healing, cell adhesion, apoptosis (programmed cell death), and inflammation. It has also been associated with various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and autoimmune diseases.
What is the function of tgm2 protein?
The main function of TGM2 is to stabilize the extracellular matrix by cross-linking proteins such as collagen and fibronectin. This cross-linking process plays a role in wound healing, tissue remodeling, and maintaining tissue integrity and strength.
Additionally, TGM2 is involved in various cellular processes, including cell adhesion, differentiation, apoptosis (programmed cell death), autophagy, and inflammation. It can modify and cross-link various intracellular proteins, influencing their functions and interactions.
Tgm2 related signaling pathway
Tgm2 plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including tissue repair, apoptosis (programmed cell death), cell adhesion, and cell migration. It is also involved in cell signaling pathways, immune responses, and inflammation.
Furthermore, Tgm2 has been implicated in several human diseases, including celiac disease, neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, cancer progression and metastasis, and fibrosis.
Tgm2 Related Diseases
TGM2 has been associated with several diseases and pathological conditions. One prominent disease associated with TGM2 is celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder characterized by an abnormal immune response to gluten. TGM2 plays a role in the pathogenesis of celiac disease by deamidating gluten peptides, increasing their immunogenicity, and triggering an immune response.
TGM2 has also been implicated in other conditions such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease), fibrosis, cardiovascular diseases, and inflammatory diseases. Its dysregulation in these diseases can contribute to altered cell behavior, tissue remodeling, and aberrant immune responses.
Biomedical Application of tgm2 Protein
Tgm2 is also involved in the pathogenesis of certain autoimmune diseases, most notably celiac disease. In individuals with celiac disease, Tgm2 is targeted by autoantibodies and forms complexes with gluten peptides. These complexes trigger an immune response, leading to tissue damage in the small intestine. The detection of Tgm2 autoantibodies is used as a diagnostic marker for celiac disease.
In addition, Tgm2 has been implicated in cancer progression and metastasis. It promotes tumor cell invasion and migration by modulating the extracellular matrix and promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Tgm2 expression has been observed in various cancer types and is associated with poor prognosis and drug resistance.
Case Study
(Irina Aizman, 2014)
Fig3. Comparison of expression and activity of TGM2 in SB623 and MSC; its functional analysis in ECM using siRNA. (A) Expression levels of TGM2 normalized to GAP were determined by using qRT-PCR in SB623/MSC pairs from several donors. Levels in SB623 cells were expressed relative to levels in parental MSCs, which were set on 1.
(Francisco Velez V, 2013)
Fig4. Tgm2 polymerization of lacritin is specific. (A) 1F5 mab blot of 100 nM recombinant lacritin incubated with 1.5 μM each of Tgm2, inactive recombinant human TGM2, boiled Tgm2, or Tgm2 in the presence of 50 mM EDTA for 40 minutes at 37°C.
(Zhuo Yang, 2023)
Fig4. TTGM2 serves as a cellular target of FSK. FSK promoted resistance of TGM2 to different temperature gradients (CETSA).
(Daniel G Fuja, 2018)
Fig5. Identification of enhanced TGM2 expression in metastatic OS. Western blots from paired GEMM-derived cell lines for TGM2. Right panel is western blot for paired human cell lines SaOS2 and LM7. Paired lines were run side-by-side. β-Actin used as loading control.
Quality Guarantee
High Purity
Fig1. SDS-PAGE (TGM2-085H)
High Bioactivity & Detection Sensitivity
Fig2. Immobilized Human TGM2, His Tag at 0.5μg/ml (100μl/well) on the plate. Dose response curve for Anti-TGM2 Antibody, hFc Tag with the EC50 of 9.3ng/ml determined by ELISA.
Involved Pathway
TGM2 involved in several pathways and played different roles in them. We selected most pathways TGM2 participated on our site, such as Huntingtons disease, which may be useful for your reference. Also, other proteins which involved in the same pathway with TGM2 were listed below. Creative BioMart supplied nearly all the proteins listed, you can search them on our site.
| Pathway Name | Pathway Related Protein |
|---|---|
| Huntingtons disease | NDUFA12,DNAI1,NDUFS1,CYCS,PLCB4,COX6B1,COX4I2,SIN3A,NDUFS5,ATP5H |
Protein Function
TGM2 has several biochemical functions, for example, metal ion binding,protein binding,protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase activity. Some of the functions are cooperated with other proteins, some of the functions could acted by TGM2 itself. We selected most functions TGM2 had, and list some proteins which have the same functions with TGM2. You can find most of the proteins on our site.
| Function | Related Protein |
|---|---|
| metal ion binding | COL1A2,RFNG,ZNF726,CYP2AA2,ZFP451,CALUB,ACY3,NR6A1A,NTHL1,ACVR2B |
| protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase activity | TGM5,TGM2B,TGM2A,TGM1L4,TGM1,TGM3,F13A1A.1,EPB42,TGM4,F13A1 |
| protein binding | MKKS,XAGE2,ALKBH4,ZFP423,RTDR1,ORC3L,ACO1,LAT2,LSM6,EXOC3 |
Interacting Protein
TGM2 has direct interactions with proteins and molecules. Those interactions were detected by several methods such as yeast two hybrid, co-IP, pull-down and so on. We selected proteins and molecules interacted with TGM2 here. Most of them are supplied by our site. Hope this information will be useful for your research of TGM2.
heparin;FN1;E7;VHL
Resources
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References
- Velez, VF; Romano, JA; et al. Tissue Transglutaminase Is a Negative Regulator of Monomeric Lacritin Bioactivity. INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE 54:2123-2132(2013).
- Aizman, I; Tirumalashetty, BJ; et al. Comparison of the neuropoietic activity of gene-modified versus parental mesenchymal stromal cells and the identification of soluble and extracellular matrix-related neuropoietic mediators. STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY 5:-(2014).
