ENO2

What is ENO2 Protein?

ENO2, also known as enolase 2, is crucial for glycolysis, which is the process cells use to convert sugars into energy. It's mostly found in the brain and nervous tissues, earning it the name neuron-specific enolase (NSE). Because of its presence in neural tissues, ENO2 is quite useful in medical diagnostics; elevated levels can hint at nerve damage or specific cancers, like neuroendocrine tumors. This makes ENO2 an important protein for researchers and clinicians alike, as understanding its levels and activity can provide insights into various neurological disorders and cancerous conditions, aiding in both diagnosis and treatment strategies.

What is the Function of ENO2 Protein?

ENO2, also known as enolase 2, plays a crucial role in glycolysis, assisting in breaking down glucose to produce energy within cells. It's particularly important in the brain and nervous tissues, which is why it's also referred to as neuron-specific enolase (NSE). Beyond its metabolic duties, ENO2 is a useful marker in diagnosing certain conditions. For example, its levels can be elevated in cases of nerve damage or certain cancers, like neuroendocrine tumors. This makes ENO2 not just a key player in basic cellular processes but also a valuable tool in medical diagnostics to help understand and detect various diseases.

ENO2 Related Signaling Pathway

ENO2, or enolase 2, is involved in signaling pathways that are crucial for cellular energy production, especially in nerve cells. As part of the glycolysis process, ENO2 helps convert glucose into energy, which is vital for supporting the high energy demands of brain and nervous tissues. Beyond its metabolic role, ENO2 can signal changes in cellular environments, particularly under stress or damage conditions. High levels of ENO2 might indicate neuronal stress or certain cancers, acting as a biomarker in these contexts. Therefore, ENO2 is important not only for its role in metabolism but also for providing insights into cellular responses within neurological and cancer-related pathways.

ENO2 Related Diseases

ENO2, or enolase 2, is a significant enzyme primarily found in the brain and some other tissues. It plays a critical role in glycolysis, the process our bodies use to break down glucose into energy. Now, when something goes off-kilter with ENO2, it can lead to various neurological disorders given its high presence in the nerve tissues. For instance, it's been linked with certain types of cancers, particularly neuroendocrine tumors, because of its role in differentiating tissue origins in tumor cells. Beyond the cancer spectrum, alterations or irregular expressions of ENO2 might also be implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. These conditions encompass a wide array of issues that predominantly hit the nervous system’s functionality, potentially leading to serious outcomes like impaired movement or cognitive function. Understanding ENO2’s role gives researchers a vital clue in diagnosing and treating these tricky diseases, but it's an ongoing field of study with many mysteries still to unravel.

Bioapplications of ENO2

Primarily hanging out in the brain and nerve tissues, ENO2 becomes all kinds of useful in medical and research fields. One major application is in the world of diagnostics. Due to its specific presence in certain cell types, ENO2 can serve as a biomarker. It's particularly handy in distinguishing neuron-specific activities, which helps in detecting neuroendocrine tumors and even some types of lung cancer. In clinical diagnostics, spotting ENO2 can assist doctors in figuring out the tissue origin of certain tumors, leading to more personalized and effective treatment plans. Beyond the doctor's office, researchers also explore ENO2 in their quest to understand neurological diseases. Since it's a major player in neural tissues, studying its behavior can lead to breakthroughs in identifying the underlying issues of complex diseases such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's. So, while ENO2 may seem like a small cog in the biological wheel, its applications span a wide range of important medical and scientific endeavors.

Case Study 1: Feng J. et al. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2024

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) involves complex molecular processes. ENO2 and HOXC6 are key players in OSCC and the Warburg effect, but their interaction isn't fully understood. Researchers found ENO2 upregulated in OSCC, influencing cell migration, invasion, and glycolysis. HOXC6 was identified as a regulator of ENO2. Silencing HOXC6 reduced ENO2 expression, as confirmed by assays. High ENO2 levels are linked to poor survival in OSCC. Silencing ENO2 reduced OSCC aggressiveness and glycolysis. HOXC6 positively correlates with ENO2, acting as its direct activator and driving the Warburg effect in OSCC.

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  Fig1. Western blot showing the relative expression of HOXC6 and ENO2 in CAL-27 and SCC-9 cells transfected with sh-HOXC6/NC.
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  Fig2. ChIP assay revealing the relative enrichment of the ENO2 promoter in CAL-27 and SCC-9 cells treated with anti-IgG/HOXC6.

Case Study 2: Sun C. et al. J Cell Physiol. 2021

In papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC), ENO2 is linked to genetic issues and worse prognosis, especially in younger patients. It's overexpressed, driving glycolysis and cell growth. Silencing ENO2 reduces tumor growth and alters glycolytic genes. Though TT-232 alone isn't effective, combined with ENO2 silencing, it shows strong effects in mouse models. ENO2's role in glycolysis highlights its potential as a therapeutic target.

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  Fig3. Colony formation assay showing effects of overexpression and silencing ENO2 on anchorage-independent growth of ACHN and A498 cells.
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  Fig4. LDH level in of ACHN and A498 cells treated with ENO2 overexpression.

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  Fig1. Schematic Diagram of the potential protective effects of 9B8 on IL-1β-induced inflammatory injury in chondrocytes. (Shunan Yu, 2024)
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  Fig2. The diagrammatic representation depicted the positive feedback loop between DLBCL cells and TAMs. (Ruonan Shao, 2024)

ENO2 has several biochemical functions, for example, lyase activity,magnesium ion binding,metal ion binding. Some of the functions are cooperated with other proteins, some of the functions could acted by ENO2 itself. We selected most functions ENO2 had, and list some proteins which have the same functions with ENO2. You can find most of the proteins on our site.

Function	Related Protein
protein homodimerization activity	NADKD1,SNX1,VEGFB,MLL1,RAB11FIP4,S100A13,USF1,ABP1,KCNN2,IZUMO3
lyase activity	ALDOAB,TYW1B,ECHDC2,ALDOCB,FH1,MVDA,ADCY1A,GC3,GC2,Car12
metal ion binding	SMYD2,NOX1,FYCO1,ZBTB16,ZFP146,MFI2,CYBA,SAR1B,ZNF518A,FXC1
protein heterodimerization activity	HNF1B,TAS1R2,TGFB3,DMRT3,SYT16,UGT1A6B,HIST1H4A,ITGA3,CAV1,IRAK3
phosphopyruvate hydratase activity	ENO4,ENO1A,ENO1B,ENO1,GM5506,ENO3
magnesium ion binding	ADSSL1,TDP2B,RPS6KA5,NT5C3L,LATS1,EYA2,IMPAD1,MARK1,BPNT1,NUDT3

ENO2 has direct interactions with proteins and molecules. Those interactions were detected by several methods such as yeast two hybrid, co-IP, pull-down and so on. We selected proteins and molecules interacted with ENO2 here. Most of them are supplied by our site. Hope this information will be useful for your research of ENO2.

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