What is LCN2 Protein

      What is LCN2 Protein?

      LCN2, or lipocalin-2, stands as a dynamic member of the lipocalin protein family, known for its multifunctional roles in various physiological processes. Initially discovered as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), LCN2 is expressed in diverse tissues, showcasing its widespread presence in the human body.

      The LCN2 protein is characterized by a distinctive β-barrel structure, a hallmark of lipocalins. This structure facilitates its role as a carrier protein, allowing LCN2 to bind and transport small hydrophobic molecules. The protein's versatility stems from its ability to undergo conformational changes, enabling interactions with a range of ligands.

      LCN2 and Metabolic Inflammation. (Moschen, A.R., et al. 2017)

      Figure 1. LCN2 and Metabolic Inflammation. (Moschen, A.R., et al. 2017)

      The Function of LCN2 Protein

      • Innate Immunity Guardian

      One of LCN2's primary functions lies in innate immunity, where it acts as a formidable defender against bacterial infections. By sequestering iron – a pivotal nutrient for bacterial growth – LCN2 exhibits bacteriostatic properties, curtailing the proliferation of invading pathogens. This defense mechanism serves as a critical line of protection for the host organism.

      • Regulator of Cellular Processes

      Beyond its immunological role, LCN2 plays a pivotal role in cellular processes. It is involved in apoptosis and cell survival and helps maintain tissue homeostasis. The protein's involvement in these processes underscores its importance in orchestrating cellular responses to various stressors.

      • Inflammation Modulator

      LCN2 emerges as a regulator of inflammation, showcasing both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Depending on the context and tissue type, LCN2 can either amplify or dampen inflammatory responses. This dual role makes LCN2 a key regulator in the fine regulation of the immune system.

      LCN2-Related Diseases

      • Renal Diseases

      Elevated levels of LCN2 have been observed in renal diseases, particularly acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The upregulation of LCN2 in response to renal damage serves as a valuable biomarker for assessing kidney injury. In clinical settings, monitoring LCN2 levels in urine or serum provides early detection and aids in the ongoing assessment of renal dysfunction.

      • Cancer

      The intricate involvement of LCN2 in cancer adds another layer to its complex role. In certain cancers, such as breast cancer, LCN2 is implicated in tumor progression. Paradoxically, it acts as a tumor suppressor in other instances, inhibiting angiogenesis and metastasis. This dual role underscores the need for a nuanced understanding of LCN2's role in different cancer contexts.

      • Neurodegenerative Diseases

      Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, have also been linked to LCN2. Its involvement in neuroinflammation highlights its potential role in modulating the progression of these disorders. Exploring the intricate relationship between LCN2 and neurodegeneration opens avenues for therapeutic interventions targeting this protein.

      LCN2 Related Signaling Pathways

      • NF-κB Pathway

      The activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway by LCN2 underscores its role in inflammation and immune responses. LCN2's ability to modulate NF-κB signaling influences the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, shaping the immune landscape in response to diverse stimuli.

      • JAK/STAT Pathway

      The Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway also fall under the purview of LCN2. The protein's ability to modulate this pathway impacts crucial cellular processes, including proliferation, survival, and differentiation. The intricate crosstalk between LCN2 and JAK/STAT signaling adds a layer of complexity to its regulatory functions.

      Applications of LCN2 in Biomedical Research

      • Diagnostic Precision

      LCN2's role as a biomarker extends beyond renal diseases. Its dynamic expression in response to tissue injury, infection, or inflammation positions it as a valuable diagnostic tool. Monitoring LCN2 levels provides insights into diverse conditions, from renal dysfunction to various cancers, offering precision in early detection and prognostication.

      • Therapeutic Prospects

      With its involvement in diseases ranging from cancer to neurodegeneration, LCN2 emerges as a potential therapeutic target. Strategies aimed at modulating LCN2 expression or activity open avenues for drug development. Interventions targeting LCN2 could hold promise in inhibiting tumor progression, regulating inflammation, and mitigating the progression of neurodegenerative disorders.

      • Dynamic Therapeutic Monitoring

      LCN2's utility extends to therapeutic monitoring, where its levels serve as a dynamic indicator of disease progression and treatment response. In renal diseases, real-time monitoring of LCN2 levels aids in assessing treatment efficacy, guiding clinical decisions, and enhancing patient outcomes.

      • Neuroprotective Frontiers

      The intricate role of LCN2 in neurodegenerative diseases hints at neuroprotective strategies. Modulating LCN2 expression or activity may offer avenues for mitigating neuroinflammatory responses, presenting a promising frontier in the quest for neuroprotective interventions.

      From its role in innate immunity and inflammation to its involvement in diseases such as renal disorders and cancer, LCN2 is a key player in the intricate tapestry of molecular biology. The exploration of LCN2-related signal pathways adds further layers of complexity to its regulatory functions, providing researchers with a rich landscape for investigation. As we continue to unravel the mysteries of LCN2, its applications in biomedicine are becoming increasingly apparent. From diagnostic biomarker to therapeutic target and drug development, LCN2 holds immense potential for shaping the future of medical science.

      Recommended Products for LCN2 Protein

      Cat.# Species Product name Source (Host) Tag
      LCN2-4H Human Active Recombinant Human Neutrophil gela-tinase-associated lipocalin E.coli N/A
      LCN2-29122TH Human Recombinant Human LCN2, FLAG-tagged HEK293 Flag
      LCN2-042H Human Recombinant Human LCN2 protein, His-tagged HEK293 His
      LCN2-5244H Human Recombinant Human LCN2 Protein, GST-tagged E.coli GST
      LCN2-797H Human Recombinant Human LCN2, His tagged Human Cell His
      LCN2-342H Human Recombinant Human LCN2 Protein, MYC/DDK-tagged HEK293 Myc/DDK
      Lcn2-1007M Mouse Recombinant Mouse Lipocalin 2, His-tagged E.coli His
      Lcn2-1302M Mouse Recombinant Mouse Lcn2 Protein, MYC/DDK-tagged HEK293T MYC/DDK
      LCN2-3368R Rat Recombinant Rat LCN2 Protein Mammalian Cell His
      Lcn2-2157R Rat Recombinant Rat Lipocalin 2, FLAG-Tagged HEK293 Flag

      Reference

      • Moschen, A.R., et al. Lipocalin-2: A Master Mediator of Intestinal and Metabolic Inflammation. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2017, 28(5): 388-397.