IVD of Salmonella
Salmonella
Salmonella is a common foodborne pathogen, a gram-negative bacillus that mainly infects the gastrointestinal tract of patients. Salmonella infection can occur when eating certain contaminated foods, including raw poultry, eggs, and beef, or handling pets, especially birds and reptiles. The main symptoms that patients often experience after infection are diarrhea, fever, nausea, and vomiting. Currently, doctors rely on laboratory testing of patient stool and blood samples to diagnose salmonella infections in vitro. Generally required examinations include blood routine, bacteriological examination, and serum agglutination test.
Figure 1. Key molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of salmonellosis. (Knodler L A, et al., 2019)Main Steps of IVD for Salmonella
- Serum agglutination test (IHA). An agglutination test is performed using the patient's serum and bacterial antigens made from known bacterial species. If the agglutination titer increases abnormally, the patient can be diagnosed as infected.
- Blood examination. The total number of white blood cells is mostly normal but increases significantly when there are focal purulent lesions.
- Fecal examination. Some stools contain mucus and blood, and some may show increased neutrophils under the microscope, which are characteristics of salmonella enteritis and other large-scale damage to the intestinal mucosa.
- Bacteriological examination. Pathogenic bacteria were detected from the patient's blood, pus, pleural effusion, cerebral effusion, joint effusion, etc.
Creative BioMart provides high-quality recombinant Salmonella protein used for IVD, including ELISA, lateral flow assays, western blots, and other immunoassays.
Highlights of Our Products
- High sensitivity, high specificity, and high purity.
- It is widely used and suitable for downstream immunological experiments.
- Easy to store and transport, conducive to large-scale production and use of vaccines.
- Outstanding success rate and fast development speed.
Our Outstanding Advantages
- IVD proteins can be used to test for a variety of diseases and conditions, making them valuable tools for diagnosing and monitoring health.
- Guarantee high performance, high reliability, and high consistency of protein quality, leading the industry.
- A complete IVD protein platform can provide customized services to meet different scientific research needs.
- High-quality service, high-level experiments, and reliable analysis.
In addition, Creative BioMart also offers a series of viral proteins and protein-related services to provide customers with high-quality, low-cost active recombinant proteins to meet different needs and assist in preclinical drug development.
Applications
Vaccine Development:
Live Attenuated Vaccines: Attenuated strains of Salmonella have been used as carriers for delivering protective antigens from other pathogens to stimulate an immune response.
Subunit Vaccines: Specific proteins from Salmonella, such as outer membrane proteins and flagellin, can be used as components in subunit vaccines to elicit immunity against Salmonella infections or other pathogens.
Diagnostics:
Antigen Detection: Salmonella proteins, particularly those involved in pathogenicity, can be used in diagnostic assays (e.g., ELISA) to detect the presence of Salmonella in samples.
Biomarkers: Certain Salmonella proteins serve as biomarkers for infection, aiding in the identification and differentiation of Salmonella serotypes.
Therapeutic Applications:
Cancer Therapy: Certain attenuated strains of Salmonella have been explored for use in targeting and killing cancer cells, due to their ability to preferentially accumulate in tumors. Proteins involved in this process are of significant interest for developing anti-cancer therapies.
Immunotherapy: Salmonella proteins can stimulate the immune system, making them potential candidates for immunotherapeutic approaches.
Biotechnology:
Protein Expression Systems: Salmonella can be genetically modified to express heterologous proteins, which is useful in protein production and functional studies.
Biosensors: Engineered Salmonella cells containing specific proteins can be used as biosensors for detecting environmental contaminants or pathogens.
Research Tools:
Pathogenesis Studies: Understanding how Salmonella proteins contribute to bacterial invasion, survival, and virulence helps in studying bacterial pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions.
Molecular Biology: Salmonella typhimurium is a model organism in molecular biology research, and the proteins encoded by its genome are studied for various genetic and biochemical processes.
Food Safety:
Detection and Surveillance: Proteins unique to Salmonella are used in developing rapid tests and other methods for detecting Salmonella contamination in food products, ensuring food safety.
Antigen Delivery Systems:
Some Salmonella proteins have been studied as potential platforms for delivering antigens due to their ability to stimulate strong immune responses.
Probiotics:
Certain non-pathogenic strains of Salmonella (or those modified to be non-pathogenic) are being explored as probiotics to benefit gut health.
Case Study
Case 1: Lian H, Park D, Chen M, Schueder F, Lara-Tejero M, Liu J, Galán JE. Parkinson's disease kinase LRRK2 coordinates a cell-intrinsic itaconate-dependent defence pathway against intracellular Salmonella. Nat Microbiol. 2023 Oct;8(10):1880-1895. doi: 10.1038/s41564-023-01459-y. Epub 2023 Aug 28. PMID: 37640963; PMCID: PMC10962312.
The guanosine triphosphatase RAB32 orchestrates one such defence response against the bacterial pathogen Salmonella, through delivery of antimicrobial itaconate. Here we show that the Parkinson's disease-associated leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) orchestrates this defence response by scaffolding a complex between RAB32 and aconitate decarboxylase 1, which synthesizes itaconate from mitochondrial precursors.
Fig2. Salmonella infection results in LRRK2 activation. DC2.4 cells were treated with LPS or infected with the indicated bacterial strains for the indicated times. The activation of LRRK2, assessed by its phosphorylation at S935, was then analyzed by immunoblotting with the indicated antibodies.Case 2: Zhu H, Sydor AM, Boddy KC, Coyaud E, Laurent EMN, Au A, Tan JMJ, Yan BR, Moffat J, Muise AM, Yip CM, Grinstein S, Raught B, Brumell JH. Salmonella exploits membrane reservoirs for invasion of host cells. Nat Commun. 2024 Apr 10;15(1):3120. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-47183-x. PMID: 38600106; PMCID: PMC11006906.
Salmonella utilizes a type 3 secretion system to translocate virulence proteins (effectors) into host cells during infection. The effectors modulate host cell machinery to drive uptake of the bacteria into vacuoles, where they can establish an intracellular replicative niche. A remarkable feature of Salmonella invasion is the formation of actin-rich protuberances (ruffles) on the host cell surface that contribute to bacterial uptake. However, the membrane source for ruffle formation and how these bacteria regulate membrane mobilization within host cells remains unclear. Here, resarchers show that Salmonella exploits membrane reservoirs for the generation of invasion ruffles.
Fig3. RAB10 acts locally to generate PM-associated membrane reservoirs and regulate PM biophysical properties. 3D rendering of RAB10+ PM reservoirs and the PM from a large volume FIB-SEM dataset.Case 3: Wang X, Yang B, Ma S, Yan X, Ma S, Sun H, Sun Y, Jiang L. Lactate promotes Salmonella intracellular replication and systemic infection via driving macrophage M2 polarization. Microbiol Spectr. 2023 Dec 12;11(6):e0225323. doi: 10.1128/spectrum.02253-23. Epub 2023 Oct 5. PMID: 37796020; PMCID: PMC10715217.
The important enteropathogen Salmonella can cause lethal systemic infection via survival and replication in host macrophages. Lactate represents an abundant intracellular metabolite during bacterial infection, which can also induce macrophage M2 polarization. In this study, the authors found that macrophage-derived lactate promotes the intracellular replication and systemic infection of Salmonella.
Fig4. Lactate promotes Salmonella colonization of systemic loci in mice. (A) Bacterial counts recovered from the liver and spleen of C57BL/6 mice intraperitoneally (i.p.) infected with Salmonella WT. Mice were either i.p injected with ~104 CFU bacteria plus lactate (0.6 mg lactate/ g mice) or bacteria only (control). Liver and spleen were collected on day 3 post-infection to quantify bacterial burden; n = 6 mice per group. (B) Bacterial counts recovered from the liver of wild-type or liver-specific LDHA knockout (LDHA-/-) C57BL/6 mice i.p. infected with Salmonella WT. Mice were i.p injected with ~104 CFU bacteria. The liver was collected on day 3 post-infection to quantify bacterial burden; n = 6 mice per group.Reference
- Knodler L A, Elfenbein J R. (2019). Salmonella enterica[J]. Trends in microbiology. 27(11): 964-965.