CYC1

What is cyc1 protein?

Cyc1 is a gene that encodes for Cytochrome c1, a major component of the cytochrome b-c1 complex, which is part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. This chain is responsible for the final stages of cellular respiration, a fundamental metabolic process in the generation of ATP, the main molecule used by cells for storing and transferring energy.

Cytochrome c1 is involved in both the electron transport and proton pumping activities of the complex. It receives electrons from the cytochrome b subunit and transfers them to a soluble cytochrome c, which then carries the electrons to the cytochrome oxidase complex, the next step in the respiratory chain. This complex helps to accomplish ATP biosynthesis and associated energy production for cellular activities.

The cyc1 gene and its encoded protein were initially discovered through studies of yeast mitochondrial mutants in the late 1960s and early 1970s. These pioneers identified various cytochrome-deficient mutants, including those deficient in cytochrome c1, establishing the fundamental role of this protein in cellular respiration.

In terms of protein structure, cytochrome c1 is a heme protein, which means it has a prosthetic group (a non-protein component required for the protein's biological activity) called a heme group. This heme group allows the protein to carry out its redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions, accepting and donating electrons. The protein chain of cytochrome c1 is anchored to the inner mitochondrial membrane via a transmembrane helix, and its electron transferring domain is placed in the intermembrane space.

In eukaryotes, including humans, the mature cytochrome c1 protein is made up of 244 amino acids and has a molecular mass of about 27 kDa. Mutations in the gene coding for cytochrome c1 can result in a spectrum of mitochondrial disorders, which can impact a broad range of biological processes and physiological functions. Therefore, the CYC1 gene and cytochrome c1 protein are quite important in the field of medical research.

What is the function of cyc1 protein?

Cyc1 (Cytochrome C1) protein is an integral part of the respiratory chain in mitochondria that plays a crucial role in oxidative phosphorylation. Here are some specific functions of Cyc1 protein:

Energy Production: The most important function of Cyc1 is to assist in the production of energy within the mitochondria. It plays an integral role in electron transport chain where it transports electrons and helps in creating a proton gradient for the production of ATP, the molecular unit of energy.

Apoptosis: Cytochrome c1 is also involved in initiating apoptosis, or programmed cell death. When a cell is subjected to stress or damage, cytochrome c1 can be released from the mitochondria and trigger a series of events that lead to cell death. This helps in maintaining the health of an organism by eliminating damaged or unwanted cells.

Reactive Oxygen Species Detection: Studies have also suggested that Cytochrome C1 might play a role in maintaining the mitochondrial membrane potential and in the detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can cause damage to cells.

Reducing Coenzyme Q: It is a part of the complex III (cytochrome bc1 complex) where it helps in the reduction of coenzyme Q10.

Cardiovascular Function: Although not fully understood, mutations in the CYC1 gene have been associated with various cardiovascular anomalies, indicating a potential role in maintaining cardiovascular function.

Cyc1 related signaling pathway

Retinoblastoma (Rb) pathway: CYC1 promotes G1/S transition by stimulating E2F transcription factors that activate S-phase genes. Hyperphosphorylated Rb releases E2Fs for CYC1 to activate.

Cyclin-CDK pathway: CYC1 drives expression of D-type cyclins and CDK4/6 to phosphorylate Rb. It also induces cyclin E expression to activate CDK2 for S-phase entry.

Wnt/β-catenin pathway: CYC1 transcriptionally activates Wnt target genes through β-catenin. Wnt signaling cooperates with CYC1 to enhance cell cycle progression.

Hedgehog pathway: CYC1 interacts with GLI transcription factors downstream of Hedgehog, stimulating their pro-proliferative effects in cancer.

CYC1 Related Diseases

• Cancer: Abnormal upregulation or hyperactivation of CYC1 has been observed in several cancer types, promoting uncontrolled cell proliferation. This includes breast, lung, colorectal cancers.
• Colorectal cancer: Higher CYC1 expression correlates with advanced stage and poorer prognosis in colon cancer patients. It may contribute to tumorigenesis.
• Breast cancer: Elevated CYC1 levels are associated with tumor growth and progression. Its knockdown can suppress breast cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo.
•  Cancer therapy - Developing CYC1 inhibitors as anticancer drugs to block uncontrolled proliferation in CYC1-dependent tumors.
•  Biomarker - Investigating CYC1 expression levels as a biomarker to predict cancer progression, recurrence, or response to specific treatments.
•  Drug targets - Identifying CYC1 interactors and downstream effectors as new druggable targets for cancer therapies.

•  Cancer therapy - Developing CYC1 inhibitors as anticancer drugs to block uncontrolled proliferation in CYC1-dependent tumors.
•  Biomarker - Investigating CYC1 expression levels as a biomarker to predict cancer progression, recurrence, or response to specific treatments.
•  Drug targets - Identifying CYC1 interactors and downstream effectors as new druggable targets for cancer therapies.

CYC1 has several biochemical functions, for example, protein binding. Some of the functions are cooperated with other proteins, some of the functions could acted by CYC1 itself. We selected most functions CYC1 had, and list some proteins which have the same functions with CYC1. You can find most of the proteins on our site.

CYC1 has direct interactions with proteins and molecules. Those interactions were detected by several methods such as yeast two hybrid, co-IP, pull-down and so on. We selected proteins and molecules interacted with CYC1 here. Most of them are supplied by our site. Hope this information will be useful for your research of CYC1.

Tubb4b;CLN3;Haus1;FLOT1;MYC;ATF2;HTT;FLOT2;GOLT1B