P2RY12

What is P2RY12 Protein?

P2RY12, also known as the P2Y12 receptor, is a protein found on platelet surfaces and certain brain cells, crucial for blood clotting and immune reactions. It acts like a communication center, helping cells respond to ATP signals—important when quick clotting is needed to prevent excessive bleeding during injuries. In the brain, P2RY12 helps microglial cells deal with inflammation and debris cleanup. Drugs like Clopidogrel target P2RY12 to prevent too much clotting, lowering heart attack and stroke risks. Scientists are also studying its role in Alzheimer's, where it could affect how brain cells handle damage and inflammation.

What is the Function of P2RY12 Protein?

P2RY12 is a receptor protein essential for blood clotting and immune response. It's found on platelet surfaces, where it helps regulate their clumping, crucial for stopping bleeding during injuries by responding to ADP signals. In addition to clotting, P2RY12 is present on brain cells like microglia, aiding in handling damage and inflammation by clearing debris. Because it’s crucial for clotting, drugs that target P2RY12 help prevent unwanted blood clots, thus lowering the risk of heart attacks and strokes. In the brain, understanding P2RY12’s role can provide insights into how microglia manage neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s.

P2RY12 Related Signaling Pathway

P2RY12 is a receptor found on platelets, and it's a big deal in the blood clotting process. When you get an injury, like a cut, ADP gets released and acts as a sort of SOS signal. This triggers P2RY12 to spring into action, getting platelets to bunch up and form clots that plug up the wound and stop the bleeding. But P2RY12 doesn't just start the clotting; it also makes sure those clots are strong enough to withstand the pressure of blood flow, keeping everything sealed until the vessel heals properly. However, if P2RY12 gets too active, it might cause dangerous clots that lead to strokes or heart attacks. That's why medications like clopidogrel are used to keep this process in check, preventing unwanted clots while ensuring necessary ones are stable and effective.

P2RY12 Related Diseases

P2RY12, a receptor found on platelets, is crucial in moderating blood clots, and when it doesn't behave, it can lead to health problems. If P2RY12 becomes hyperactive, you might end up dealing with too many blood clots. This situation can raise your risk of embolisms, strokes, or heart attacks—basically, clots causing blockages in your blood vessels, kind of like traffic jams in your veins and arteries. On the flip side, if P2RY12 isn’t pulling its weight, your blood won’t clot as it should, leading to excessive bleeding. It's like trying to patch a leak with a rag that just won’t hold. So keeping P2RY12 in check is all about striking the right balance to avoid over-clotting or bleeding too much.

Bioapplications of P2RY12

P2RY12 isn't just about blood clotting—it's got some pretty interesting applications in the bio world too. Researchers are looking into how blocking or modifying this receptor can help with various health conditions. For one, it's a target for certain blood-thinning medications, helping to prevent strokes and heart attacks by stopping those pesky clots from forming when they’re not supposed to. Beyond that, scientists are exploring its role in inflammation and how it might be involved in immune responses. So, P2RY12 has potential beyond just clots—it's a bit of a multitasker in the medical field, offering promising avenues for new treatments and therapies.

Case Study 1: Han X. et al. Immun Inflamm Dis. 2022

Acute lung injury (ALI) triggers harmful inflammation, lacking effective treatment. The P2Y12 receptor is crucial here. This study shows that P2Y12R antagonists, like Ticagrelor or Clopidogrel, can counter inflammation and endothelial damage caused by LPS in human lung cells. LPS increased inflammation and cell permeability, but these drugs reversed the effects, pointing to their potential in treating ALI.

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  Fig1. The analysis of P2Y12R levels by Western blot analysis.
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  Fig2. P2Y12R antagonists reduce LPS-induced permeability of HPMVECs.

Case Study 2: Das R. et al. Traffic. 2021

Alzheimer's disease involves neurodegeneration and inflammation with microglia and macrophages at play. Tau oligomers from damaged neurons trigger microglia through receptors like P2Y12R, affecting cell movement. This study found tau directly interacts with P2Y12R, increasing its levels. With ATP, P2Y12R helps microglia migrate towards tau deposits, adjusting their structure for effective response.

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  Fig3. Co-immunoprecipitation of microglial P2Y12R with external recombinant Tau species.
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  Fig4. ATP-induced the actin polymerization in migratory microglia along with monomer and oligomers in both lamellipodia and uropod.

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  Fig1. ADP-induced activation of the platelet receptor P2Y12. (Emmanuel Boadi Amoafo, 2024)
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  Fig2. Model of seizure-induced microglial P2Y12R-dependent neurogenesis and immature neuronal projections. (Mingshu Mo, 2019)

P2RY12 has several biochemical functions, for example, ADP receptor activity,G-protein coupled adenosine receptor activity,guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity. Some of the functions are cooperated with other proteins, some of the functions could acted by P2RY12 itself. We selected most functions P2RY12 had, and list some proteins which have the same functions with P2RY12. You can find most of the proteins on our site.

Function	Related Protein
guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity	DENND5B,ARFGEF2,ARHGEF7A,ARHGEF19,PLCE1,DOCK8,TRIOA,DOCK5,FGD5,EIF2B5
G-protein coupled adenosine receptor activity	ADORA1,ADORA2A,ADORA2AB,ADORA3,ADORA2AA,ADORA2B

P2RY12 has direct interactions with proteins and molecules. Those interactions were detected by several methods such as yeast two hybrid, co-IP, pull-down and so on. We selected proteins and molecules interacted with P2RY12 here. Most of them are supplied by our site. Hope this information will be useful for your research of P2RY12.