Histone Methylation
| Histone | Modified Site | Modifying Enzymes | Proposed Functions |
|---|---|---|---|
| H1 | Lys26 (H1K26) | EZH2 | transcriptional silencing |
| H2A | Arg3 (H2AR3) | PRMT1/6, PRMT5/7 | transcriptional activation, transcriptional repression |
| H3 | Arg2 (H3R2) | PRMT5, PRMT6 | transcriptional repression |
| Arg8 (H3R8) | PRMT5 | transcriptional repression | |
| Arg17 (H3R17) | CARM1 | transcriptional activation | |
| Arg26 (H3R26) | CARM1 | transcriptional activation | |
| Arg42 (H3R42) | CARM1 | transcriptional activation | |
| Lys4 (H3K4) | SET1 (S. cerevisiae), SET 7/9 (vertebrates), MLL, ALL-1, ASH1 (D. melanogaster) | permissive euchromatin (di-Me), transcriptional activation | |
| Lys9 (H3K9) | SUV39H, Clr4, G9a, SETDB1, Dim-5 (N. crassa), Kryptonite (A. thaliana), ASH1 (D. melanogaster) | transcriptional silencing (tri-Me), genomic imprinting, transcriptional repression (tri-Me), DNA methylation (tri-Me), transcriptional activation | |
| Lys27 (H3K27) | EZH2, G9a | transcriptional silencing, X inactivation (tri-Me) | |
| Lys36 (H3K36) | SET2 | transcriptional activation (elongation) | |
| Lys79 (H3K79) | DOT1 | Euchromatin, transcriptional activation (elongation), checkpoint response | |
| H4 | Arg3 (H4R3) | PRMT1/6, PRMT5/7 | transcriptional activation, transcriptional repression |
| Lys20 (H4K20) | PR-SET7, SUV4-20H, ASH1 (D. melanogaster), SET9 (S. pombe) | transcriptional silencing (mono-Me), heterochromatin (tri-Me), transcriptional activation, checkpoint response | |
| Lys59 (H4K59) | unknown | transcriptional silencing |
Histone Acetylation
| Histone | Modified Site | Modifying Enzymes | Proposed Functions |
|---|---|---|---|
| H2A | Lys4 (H2AK4, S. cerevisiae) | Esa1 | transcriptional activation |
| Lys5 (H2AK5, Mammals) | Tip60, p300/CBP | transcriptional activation | |
| Lys7 (H2AK7, S. cerevisiae) | HAT1, Esa1 | Unknown, transcriptional activation | |
| H2B | Lys5 (H2BK5) | p300, ATF2 | transcriptional activation |
| Lys11 (H2BK11, S. cerevisiae) | GCN5 | transcriptional activation | |
| Lys12 (H2BK12, Mammals) | p300/CBP, ATF2 | transcriptional activation | |
| Lys15 (H2BK15, Mammals) | p300/CBP, ATF2 | transcriptional activation | |
| Lys16 (H2BK16, S. cerevisiae) | GCN5, Esa1 | transcriptional activation | |
| Lys20 (H2BK20) | p300 | transcriptional activation | |
| H3 | Lys4 (H3K4, S. cerevisiae) | Esa1, Hpa2 | transcriptional activation |
| Lys9 (H3K9) | GCN5, SRC-1, unknown | transcriptional activation, histone deposition | |
| Lys14 (H3K14) | unknown, GCN5, PCAF, Esa1, Tip60, SRC-1, Elp3, Hpa2, hTFIIIC90, TAF1, Sas2, Sas3, p300 |
histone deposition, transcriptional activation, DNA repair, RNA polymerase transcription, euchromatin | |
| Lys18 (H3K18) | GCN5, p300/CBP | transcriptional activation, DNA repair, DNA replication | |
| Lys23 (H3K23) | unknown, GCN5, Sas3, p300/CBP | histone deposition, transcriptional activation, DNA repair | |
| Lys27 (H3K27) | p300/CBP | transcriptional activation | |
| Lys36 (H3K36) | GCN5 | transcriptional activation | |
| Lys56 (H3K56, S. cerevisiae) | Spt10 | transcriptional activation, DNA repair | |
| H4 | Lys5 (H4K5) | HAT1, Esa1, Tip60, ATF2, Hpa2, p300 | histone deposition, transcriptional activation, DNA repair |
| Lys8 (H4K8) | GCN5, PCAF, Esa1, Tip60, ATF2, Elp3, p300 | transcriptional activation, DNA repair | |
| Lys12 (H4K12) | HAT1, Esa1, Tip60, Hpa2, p300 | histone deposition, telomeric silencing, transcriptional activation, DNA repair | |
| Lys16 (H4K16) | GCN5, MOF (D. melanogaster), Esa1, Tip60, ATF2, Sas2 | transcriptional activation, DNA repair, euchromatin | |
| Lys91 (H4K91, S. cerevisiae) | HAT1/HAT2 | chromatin assembly |
Histone Phosphorylation
| Histone | Modified Site | Modifying Enzymes | Proposed Functions |
|---|---|---|---|
| H1 | Ser27 (H1S27) | unknown | transcriptional activation, chromatin decondensation |
| H2A | Ser1 (H2AS1) | unknown, MSK1 | mitosis, chromatin assembly, transcriptional repression |
| Ser122 (H2AS122, S. cerevisiae) | unknown | DNA repair | |
| Ser129 (H2AS129, S. cerevisiae) | Mec1, Tel1 | DNA repair | |
| Ser139 (H2AS139, Mammalian H2A.X) | ATR, ATM, DNA-PK | DNA repair | |
| Thr119 (H2AT119, D. melanogaster) | NHK1 | mitosis | |
| Thr120 (H2AT120, Mammals) | Bub1, VprBP | mitosis, transcriptional repression | |
| Thr142 (H2AT142, Mammalian H2A.X) | WSTF | apoptosis, DNA repair | |
| H2B | Ser10 (H2BS10, S. cerevisiae) | Ste20 | apoptosis |
| Ser14 (H2BS14, vertebrates) | Mst1, unknown | apoptosis, DNA repair | |
| Ser33 (H2BS33, D. melanogaster) | TAF1 | transcriptional activation | |
| Ser36 (H2BS36) | AMPK | transcriptional activation | |
| H3 | Ser10 (H3S10) | Aurora-B kinase, MSK1, MSK2, IKK-α, Snf1 | mitosis, meiosis, immediate-early gene activation, transcriptional activation |
| Ser28 (H3S28, Mammals) | Aurora-B kinase, MSK1, MSK2 | mitosis, immediate-early activation | |
| Thr3 (H3T3) | Haspin/Gsg2 | mitosis | |
| Thr6 (H3T6) | PKCβI | unknown | |
| Thr11 (H3T11, Mammals) | Dlk/Zip | mitosis | |
| Tyr41 (H3Y41) | JAK2 | transcriptional activation | |
| Tyr45 (H3Y45) | PKCδ | apoptosis | |
| H4 | Ser1 (H4S1) | unknown, CK2 | mitosis, chromatin assembly, DNA repair |
Histone Ubiquitylation
| Histone | Modified Site | Modifying Enzymes | Proposed Functions |
|---|---|---|---|
| H2A | Lys119 (H2AK119, Mammals) | Ring2 | spermatogenesis |
| H2B | Lys120 (H2BK120, Mammals) | UbcH6 | meiosis |
| Lys123 (H2BK123, S. cerevisiae) | Rad6 | transcriptional activation, euchromatin |
Histone SUMOylation
| Histone | Modified Site | Modifying Enzymes | Proposed Functions |
|---|---|---|---|
| H2A | Lys126 (H2AK126, S. cerevisiae) | Ubc9 | transcriptional repression |
| H2B | Lys6 or Lys7 (H2BK6 or H2BK7, S. cerevisiae) | Ubc9 | transcriptional repression |
| H4 | N-terminal tail (S. cerevisiae) | Ubc9 | transcriptional repression |
Histone Biotinylation
| Histone | Modified Site | Modifying Enzymes | Proposed Functions |
|---|---|---|---|
| H2A | Lys9 (H2AK9) | biotinidase | unknown |
| Lys13 (H2AK13) | biotinidase | unknown | |
| H3 | Lys4 (H3K4) | biotinidase | gene expression |
| Lys9 (H3K9) | biotinidase | gene expression | |
| Lys18 (H3K18) | biotinidase | gene expression | |
| H4 | Lys12 (H4K12) | biotinidase | DNA damage response |
Creative BioMart provides a variety of powerful tools for epigenetic research (including high-quality recombinant proteins, synthetic peptides, nucleosomes, antibodies, cell lysates, stable cell lines, bioactive small molecules, and assay kits). We have rich experience for over 10 years and can offer various epigenetics services, such as DNA methylation analysis, RNA methylation analysis, transcriptomics profiling, histone post-translational modification analysis, chromatin remodeling and accessibility analysis, as well as epigenetic drug discovery.
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